Perhaps the most famous offensive cyberattack to date is the Stuxnet malware, which damaged Iran's uranium refinement capabilities. In June the New York Times reported that Stuxnet was developed by the U.S. and Israel in order to disrupt the country's nuclear program. Security researchers also suspect that other malware related to Stuxnet has been developed by nations for offensive purposes.

The Tallinn Manual was written by a group of experts from nations including Australia, Canada, the U.S., the Netherlands and the U.K. The manual is not NATO's official doctrine but a compilation of views.