More than a decade ago the Malaysian government began rolling out its own smartcard project dubbed the Government Multi-Purpose Card (GMPC).

Cards were issued to every citizen over the age of 12. Malaysia currently has a population of 23 million, and since the official rollout in September 2001, 19 million Malays have begun using the smartcard, dubbed MyKad, at a total project cost of US$71 million.

Datuk Azizan, director general of the Malaysian national registration department, said the government wanted one card solution for use in multiple government and private sector applications, improve service to citizens and ensure the security of information on the card.

But there were two hurdles hindering rollout: technology and fear of change.

"But people now seem to be very happy, especially with the toll and ATM features," Azizan said.