Coupled with the availability of sub-US$100 router/access- point/firewall appliances, wireless networking became a simple reality in many homes and offices, where multiple computers and simultaneous computer users became the rule, not the exception. After 802.11b came 802.11a, which was five times faster, and then the now nearly universal 802.11g.
For the immediate future, a new refinement of that wireless technology promises to resolve many of the original concerns and offers even greater throughput and reliability. Called MIMO, short for multiple-input, multiple-output, it involves the use of two or more antennas on both transmitters and receivers.
MIMO magic
The magic of MIMO lies in its ability to take multipath reception, which used to be an unavoidable byproduct of radio communications, and convert it into a distinct advantage that actually multiplies transmission speed and improves throughput.
First, let's look at multipath radio reception. Say you're in a car in downtown Manhattan listening to the radio. You know that your car's antenna is receiving the direct signal from the station's transmitter. But your radio is also receiving additional signals of that same broadcast from many different directions, because buildings, wires, geographical features and other structures in the area between the sender and the receiver can reflect or refract those signals. The end result is that each of these additional signals arrives at your car radio via a different path (hence the term multipath) and also at a slightly different time, so that it's out of phase with the original and will randomly boost or cancel out parts of the signal.
This phase differential introduces noise and distortion that you can hear as the car moves within the city, in the form of signal fading, intermittent reception (also called picket-fencing) and sudden signal dropouts. In digital communications, these factors can cause a reduction in data speed and an increase in the number of errors.
Adding antennas, as some wireless systems do, helps sort out signals, allowing the receiver to pick the antenna getting the strongest signal at any given point. How many antennas? Netgear Inc. in Santa Clara, Calif., has recently offered products using seven internal antennas, which combine to create up to 127 different antenna patterns. This is called diversity reception, and though it's not a true MIMO, it's just the beginning of what can be done with multiple antennas.
MIMO can use the additional signal paths to transmit more information and recombine the signals on the receiving end. It's analogous to our ability to readily localize, using just our two ears, the origin of specific sounds or to isolate and understand one conversation fragment from the midst of assorted cocktail party chatter. Using multiple receivers in this way isn't a newly discovered phenomenon; it's been used in some radio transmission for at least half a century. But until recently, the amount of signal processing needed has been too expensive to be practical. An important factor driving MIMO acceptance today is the advent of inexpensive, high-speed chips with millions of transistors.
MIMO systems can use spatial multiplexing to distinguish among different signals on the same frequency. Moreover, we can encode these transmissions so that information on each can be used to help reconstruct the information on the others. Called space-time block coding, you can think of this as akin to parity or other error-detection and -correction schemes -- they allow us to increase reliability in addition to pure throughput.
Sidebar
The battle for 11n
When we talk of the IEEE's forthcoming 802.11n standard for high-speed (200Mbit/sec. and up) wireless networks, it's important to note that we're not yet sure what technology it will encompass. Currently, two groups are pushing different approaches. One consortium is the World Wide Spectrum Efficiency (WWiSE), and the other has the rather odd name of TGn Sync (short for Task Group N of the IEEE 802.11 Working Group). First proposals were made in 2004, and there is little hope for agreement before this summer.
TGn Sync is a group of more than 25 companies across cellular, computing, consumer electronics, enterprise networking, mobile radio, public access and semiconductor markets. It is spearheaded by Agere Systems Inc., Atheros Communications Inc., Intel Corp., Nokia Corp, Philips Electronics NV and Sony Corp. The TGn Sync proposal expects to deliver speeds of around 313Mbit/sec. using two antennas and 40-MHz channels.
WWiSE is led by MIMO pioneer Airgo Networks Inc., with other wireless chip-set manufacturers, including Broadcom Corp., Conexant Systems Inc., STMicroelectronics NV and Texas Instruments Inc. The WWiSE proposal requires only a 20-MHz channel (which the group believes is friendlier to all countries) and provides better efficiency. Speeds would start at 135Mbit/sec., with two transmitting antennas mandatory. More antennas would be optional, as would a 40-MHz mode, and these could drive data rates up to 540Mbit/sec.
Currently, TGn Sync's proposal has more proponents but still not enough support for a final decision. In the end, whichever proposal can win 75 percent of the vote will determine the standard. Best guess is that an 802.11n specification will be published in 2007.
Sidebar
MIMO and pre-N
As MIMO moves toward incorporation in the 802.11n standard, several companies, including Belkin Corp., Netgear and Cisco-Linksys LLC, have brought out a number of products they call "pre-N." Using Palo Alto, Calif.-based Airgo Networks Inc.'s "True MIMO" chips, these products don't claim that they will be able to work with future 802.11n-based products, but merely that they are related to the technology. While these products show advantages over older technologies, analysts warn that users should be aware that they are definitely early-adopter products that won't be the final answer and may not work with future products based on the final standard.