The equipment, taken during a residential burglary on May 3 in Aspen Hill, Md., was recovered last month.
Police arrested Jesus Alex Pineda and Christian Brian Montano, both 19 and both of whom live in Rockville, Md.
Pineda was charged with first-degree burglary and theft over US$500. Montano was charged with first-degree burglary, conspiracy to commit first-degree burglary, theft over $500, and conspiracy to commit theft over $500, according to the statement.
Police said charges are pending against a third suspect, a juvenile who is now incarcerated on another charge. After he is charged, his name will not be released because of his age, police said.
Detectives from the Montgomery County Police Department worked with the FBI and the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of the Inspector General after it was learned the laptop and hard drive had been stolen. The theft angered veterans and some members of Congress because of concerns the data breach could lead to identity thefts.
On June 28, U.S. Park Police received information that led to the recovery of the stolen laptop and hard drive. Since that time, detectives have continued their investigation, following up leads as to who was responsible for the theft. On Friday, new information led to the arrests of Pineda and Montano.
According to police, the men did not target the Aspen Hill home and were not specifically seeking to steal a laptop. In fact, police said, they didn't know that the hard drive contained veterans' information until the incident was publicized.
"This gives reassurance to the millions of veterans that their personal information was not compromised," police said in the statement.
The "announcement that arrests have been made is good news," Secretary of Veterans Affairs R. James Nicholson said in the statement.